Use Of Hydraulic Kers Commercially Engineering Essay

Use Of Hydraulic Kers Commercially Engineering Essay The potential of using a KERS on a bicycle to store hydraulic energy can be achieved using a device such as a hydraulic accumulator. In a hydraulic accumulator the potential energy is stored in the form of a compressed gas or spring, which is used to exert a force against a relatively incompressible fluid. Accumulators store energy when the hydraulic system pressure is greater than the accumulator pressure and releases hydraulic energy in the opposite case. By storing and providing hydraulic energy, accumulators can be used as a primary power source for a KERS. Accumulators are naturally dynamic devices; meaning they function when configuration changes, for example, valves opening and closing. Accumulators respond rapidly to configuration changes, and nearly instantaneously for gas accumulators. They are usually used in conjunction with a pump/motor in a hydraulic circuit. A hydraulic system utilizing an accumulator can use a smaller fluid pump since the accumulator stores energy from the pump during low demand periods. The pump doesnt need to be so large to cope with extremes of demand, therefore the supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary demand and to smooth pulsations. There are four types of accumulator: bladder, diaphragm bladder, piston (spring or gas controlled), and metal bellows. Depending on the application, the choice of most suited is based on the required speed of accumulator response, weight, reliability and cost. Compressed gas accumulators are the most commonly used type since they generally have the faster dynamic response and are most reliable. Accumulators with seals will generally have the lowest reliability as there is the potential for leaks. Pressurised gas accumulators take advantage of the fact, that the gas is compressible. The potential to store energy and the affect of the accumulator is dictated by its overall volume and pre-charge of the gas. The pre-charge is the pressure of the gas in the accumulator when there is no hydraulic fluid within the accumulator. Too high of a pre-charge pressure, reduces the fluid volume capacity, and limits the maximum amount of hydraulic energy that will be available to the system. A gas accumulator has a gas pre-charge, which is less than the nominal hydraulic system pressure. When hydraulic fluid enters the accumulator, the gas is compressed to the nominal system pressure, which is in an equilibrium position and corresponds to the maximum amount of energy that can be stored. As system hydraulic pressure drops, the gas will expand forcing hydraulic fluid back into the system. Most gas accumulators are bladder type, made up of a vessel divided into two volumes, by a flexible membrane. Within the bladder, nitrogen is stored under high pressure, which is an efficient and safe medium since the ability of gas to store energy increases exponentially as pressure rises and because of its inert properties. As fluid from the hydraulic circuit, enters the vessel (under system pressure) and impinges against the bladder, the gas is compressed allowing energy to be stored. The release of energy when required is achieved via conventional valve arrangement. Figure Bladder Accumulator [10] and [4] Use of hydraulic KERS commercially There are, a number of emerging systems that allow the operators of vehicles to reduce both fuel consumption and unwanted emissions, specifically to vehicles that are subject to constant stop-start operations, like for example buses, refuse collection vehicles (RCV). Constant stop-start operations, such as braking in large vehicles, produce considerable kinetic energy, which is wasted as heat. Capturing this energy using conventional hydraulic technology enables it to be stored and then returned to the vehicle systems. The potential uses are not just limited to aid subsequent acceleration (reducing the energy required from the engine), but can potentially power ancillary equipment. For example, RCVs can use stored energy to drive the hydraulic refuse compacting and packing mechanisms. This enables a significant reduction of engine speeds and operating noise [10]. Hydraulic Power Train Technology Hybrid hydraulic power-train technology normally incorporates a hydraulic system operating parallel to the IC engine to share the task of powering the vehicle. Although other arrangements are possible (in series), the simplest is where the conventional vehicle transmission and driveline components are replaced by a hydro-mechanical transmission, a system that works similarly to a hydrostatic CVT. In which the output shaft from the vehicles engine is used to drive a hydraulic pump that in turn supplies pressure to hydrostatic motors; these are then connected via a gearing mechanism to the vehicle power-train to drive the wheels [10]. These motors then, under braking, act as pumps to charge accumulators, where energy is stored before being released back to the power-train, transmitting torque to the driveshaft and propelling the vehicle. Fig depicts the capturing and releasing of energy in a hydraulic circuit. Engine Trans Pump/ Motor Low Pressure Accumulator High Pressure Accumulator Drive Shaft Capturing Releasing Figure Hydraulic Power-train Examples of Commercial Hydraulic KERS There are two commercial products of hydraulic hybrid KERS on todays market and both are implemented on delivery vehicles and refuse truck applications. These are Parker Energy Recovery System [6], and Eaton Hydraulic Launch Assistà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (HLA ®) [7 ].Prototype testing proposes typically regenerative braking capability captures about 70% of the KE produced during braking, minimizing the load on the engine, and helping to reduce fuel consumption [9]. The hydrostatic motors, when acting as pumps during vehicle braking, also help to slow the vehicle down by inducing drag on the rotating drive-train; a feature that helps to reduce brake wear [9] by more than 50% [8]. Generally these systems operate at a maximum pressure of 5,000 PSI [9]. The hybrid technologies are controlled by specialized systems that are activated upon braking. The controls prevent service brake application until just before a complete stop. They also monitor if the energy stored in the accumulator falls below a predetermined level, upon which the vehicle engine can be used to provide supplementary power. However, on vehicles with frequent stop-start cycles, this is seldom required as even gentle braking is sufficient to maintain the stored energy at high levels. http://www.eaton.com/ecm/groups/public/@pub/@eaton/@hybrid/documents/content/ct_132084.jpg Figure Hybrid Hydraulic KERS implemented on large Vehicles [7] The HLA ® has two modes of operation, Economy Mode and Performance Mode. When the operating in Economy Mode, the energy stored in the accumulator during braking is used alone to initially accelerate the vehicle. Once the accumulator has emptied, the engine will begin to perform the acceleration. This process results in increased fuel economy of 30% and provides increased acceleration of 2% [7 ]. Economy mode allows for maximum fuel savings maximum exhaust emission reductions of 20% to 30% [7]. In Performance Mode, acceleration is created by both the energy stored in the accumulator and the engine. Once the accumulator has emptied, the engine is completely responsible for acceleration.  While a 17% increase in fuel economy is possible, the greatest benefit is an increased acceleration of 26% [7]. The benefits of hybrid solution are numerous; reduced emissions, increased brake life, and better fuel economy. The technology also allows the possibility to reduce the size of the vehicle engine as this can be sized for peak speeds, rather than for low-end torque. Application of Hydraulic KERS to a Bicycle A team of engineering students from the University of Michigan [1] undertook a project to use a hydro-pneumatic regenerative braking system on a bicycle. It was a redevelopment of a heavier previous attempt to make a working prototype to fit within a 29 front wheel (fig). They use a 0.5 litre accumulator and believed this to be sufficient in storing the required energy at a maximum working system pressure of 5000psi. Its weighed an impractical 13kg almost as much as a bike and is its major drawback, its weight can be accounted for by its separate high and low accumulators, separate hydraulic pump and motor and its relatively large mounting bracket (fig). Figure Prototype Hydry-pneumatic KERS from the University of Michigan [1] Calculations They failed to test and thus supply conclusive results for the performance characteristics of their prototype, but instead prescribed its key performance parameters via theoretical calculations. In the same way and based on the same calculations the following section outlines the performance of a hydro-pneumatic KERS. Storage Capacity Firstly for a hydraulic system to be implemented the storage of fluid must be addressed, the capacity must be determined and pressures needed to store the kinetic energy. The combined mass of cyclist and bicycle (90kg) braking from 32km/h (20mph) has 2880kJ of kinetic energy. Parker [5] (manufacture of accumulator and motors) rates the ACP series accumulators at max pressure 5000psi, if assuming ideal gas law: () So () Parker rates the ACP Series Accumulators 2 bore with capacities of 0.32l, 0.5l, 0.75l. If the accumulator has a pre-charge of P1 = 3200psi and max pressure is P2=5000psi; then rearranging gives: () Taking the capacity as: V1=0.5l gives V2= 0.32l. Energy stored is: () Thus 0.5l capacity accumulator pre-charged to 3200psi provides more than 5kJ. Hydraulic Motor/Pump Performance Fig presents torque-rpm curve for the Parker 09 series hydraulic motor. It will be used to determine braking and launching performance of the hydraulic motor/pump. Figure Torque-Rpm Curves for Parker 09 Series Hydraulic Motor [1] Braking A hydraulic KERS must use a hydraulic motor to provide enough torque to run the bicycle as well as providing enough resistive torque to be an effective brake. If the bicycle travelling at 32km/h (20mph) on 0.66m (26inch) diameter wheels, which spins the motor at 4632rpm through the 18:1 gear ratio of the pump gear train, then this corresponds to 4.52Nm of torque at 3000psi (fig ). This translates to a braking torque of about 81.36Nm applied to the main gear due to the 18:1 gear ratio. Launching On release of pressure, a fully charged 5000psi accumulator generates 7.57Nm of torques (fig). The 14:1 gear ratio of the motor gear train applies a 105 Nm torque to the main bicycle cluster gear. 7.57Nm corresponds to around 800rpm from motors torque rpm curve (fig), which turns the main gear at around 57rpm due to the 14:1 gear ratio. This is an initial speed of 8km/h (5mph) which will increase as pressure is expended. Advantages In many applications, especially those where high power densities are required, hydro-pneumatic systems offer a more efficient alternative to system driven by electric motors. The technology can be used to capture and transfer high levels of energy extremely quickly compared with similarly sized electric systems, which generally require long periods over which batteries have to be charged. They are also likely to have a longer operating life than battery-powered systems. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of a hydro-pneumatic KERS would be its weight, which is attributed to by weight of hydraulic fluid, accumulator material (steel), and the fact that in application it would be necessary to have separate high and low pressure accumulators. As well as potentially needing separate hydraulic pump and motor. In hydro-pneumatic systems when the gas is not charged by the hydraulic fluid and thus not storing energy, the fluid can be considered dead weight. If implemented on a bicycle to be used as a KERS, this would be counterproductive. Lastly hydro-pneumatic systems are limited where consistent levels of power are required for extended periods at near constant speeds, such as long-distance cruising. Conclusion The major consideration when using hydro-pneumatic accumulator for storing the energy whilst braking, is of course the loss of pressurized gas in a sealed accumulator. It is a failure critical to safety when it plays such an important role as braking. It is apparent the hydraulic accumulator needed for a KERS, does not have an excessively large capacity (pre-charged to 3200psi), in order to release enough energy to propel a bike to 32km/h (20mph). Furthermore, a hydraulic motor can produce 81.36Nm braking torque which makes it an effective brake. However based on the weight of the prototype (13kg) from the University of Michigan, it is impractical to use a hydro-pneumatic technology, as it stands currently, for a bicycle KERS.

greek heros Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are often a number of characteristics that can be used to describe characters through out literature. The classic mythological hero may be described as having the tragic Greek heroic personality. The tragic Greek heroic personality contains characteristics such as excellence (arà ªte), pride (hubris), blind recklessness (ate), and disastrous retribution (nemesis). Though most mythological heroes contain these qualities, Sophocles developed his own heroic personality. The sophoclean tragic hero is â€Å"one whose rigid and courageous loyalty to particular principles invites a disastrous fate† (Antigone Pg.14). Creon acting a classical tragic as well as Antigone, a sophoclean tragic heroes, both personify their personalities through their actions.   Ã‚  ...

Karl Marx’ views Essay

For Karl Marx, poverty is the outcome of the rampant class inequality that the society is suffering today. The working class, whom Karl Marx advocates, is the ones who are actually earning the money for the society (Nafziger & Auvinen, 2003). They are the ones who actually deserve to get much of the gains, rather those who are capitalizing from their labor. Marx stressed that capitalists are the ones bringing disarray in the society because they are actually contributing lesser work as compared to the laborers, yet they are getting most of the gains. In order to correct this, Marx strongly advocated the abolishing of capitalism and replaces it with communism. For him, it could be a way to alleviate poverty in the society today, rather than just letting the capitalists sit around and wait for the harvest of their money’s fruit, rather than giving the laborers the real fruits of their labors. In Marx’ belief, capitalism has been the root of the great class divide, the widening gap between different social strata, where the poor and the rich are distinctively apart from each other. This is because of the fact that a great part of the gains goes to the pockets and the bellies of the capitalists, who are theoretically â€Å"getting even richer,† the fact that they are the ones who have the money. On the other hand, the laborers, the ones who are exerting greater effort as compared to these capitalists, are not getting anywhere the definition of rich at all, hence, they are having the difficulty to cope with the increasing cost of living, thus worsening their status, with them experiencing the â€Å"poor is getting poorer† part. Looking closely at Marx’ ideas, you could see that it could also be about freedom. It is being able to freely produce and receive what is rightfully yours, as for the part of the laborers, for their efforts, their hard work to be reciprocated with enough pay (Kohl & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Centre. , 2003). It is about how the true â€Å"money-earners† – the laborers, be able to control various circumstances that could benefit them, and not the capitalists. They will be able to create a free society where their hard work will be equal to a good life for them and their families. Because of this, the society will be a better place as conceived by Marx. It will be an exploitation-free society, in the same time it will do away with oppression, racism, unemployment, war, from poverty and inequality.

44 Landlocked Countries That Dont Touch an Ocean

Approximately one-fifth of the worlds countries are landlocked, meaning they have no access to the oceans. There are 44 landlocked countries that do not have direct access to an ocean or ocean-accessible sea (such as the Mediterranean Sea). Why Is Being Landlocked an Issue? While a country such as Switzerland has thrived despite its lack of access to the worlds oceans, being landlocked has many disadvantages. Some landlocked countries rank among the poorest in the world. Some of the issues of being landlocked include: Lack of access to fishing and oceanic food sourcesHigh transportation and transit costs because of a lack of access to ports and world shipping operationsGeopolitical vulnerabilities from dependence on neighboring countries for access to world markets and natural resourcesMilitary limitations because of the lack of naval options What Continents Have No Landlocked-Countries? North America has no landlocked countries, and Australia is rather obviously not landlocked. Within the United States, over half of the 50 states are landlocked with no direct access to the worlds oceans. Many states, however, do have water access to the oceans via the Hudson Bay, Chesapeake Bay, or Mississippi River. Landlocked Countries in South America South America has just two landlocked countries: Bolivia and Paraguay. Landlocked Countries in Europe Europe has 14 landlocked countries: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Vatican City. Landlocked Countries in Africa Africa has 16 landlocked countries: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lesotho is unusual in that it is landlocked by just one country (South Africa). Landlocked Countries in Asia Asia has 12 landlocked countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Laos, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Note that several of the countries in western Asia border the landlocked Caspian Sea, a feature that does open some transit and trade opportunities. Disputed Regions that Are Landlocked Four regions that are not fully recognized as independent countries are landlocked: Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria. What Are the Two Doubly-Landlocked Countries? There are two, special, landlocked countries that are known as doubly-landlocked countries, completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The two doubly-landlocked countries are Uzbekistan (surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) and Liechtenstein (surrounded by Austria and Switzerland). What Is the Largest Landlocked Country? Kazakhstan is the worlds ninth largest country but is the worlds largest landlocked country. Its 1.03 million square miles (2.67 million km2) and is bordered by Russia, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and the landlocked Caspian Sea. What Are the Most Recently Added Landlocked Countries? The most recent addition to the list of landlocked countries is South Sudan which gained independence in 2011. Serbia is also a recent addition to the list of landlocked countries. The country formerly had access to the Adriatic Sea, but when Montenegro became an independent country in 2006, Serbia lost its ocean access. Edited by Allen Grove.

lexicographer - definition and examples

Literature Review Sibling Relationships - 3017 Words

Sibling Relationships Meredith L. Brown Dr. Kenneth Storey University of Tampa October 2014 Literature Review: Sibling Relationships The family unit across the globe is valued by almost all cultures as the most important social structure in which humans form the tightest bonds. Now significant evidence to suggest that within the family structure the relationship and interaction between siblings is the most impactful relationship of a human’s lifetime. Researchers have only recently become interested in the unique relationship between siblings. Siblings have been found to advance one another’s social, emotional, and cognitive development (Mcguire and Shanahan, 2010). Researchers are now are posing the question, â€Å"Are our relationships with our siblings the most important of all?† Sibling experiences can be diverse depending on the culture, values within the specific family, and the society that they live in. â€Å"Sibling Relationships in Cross Cultural Perspective† published in the Journal of Marriage Family, breaks down the different culture meanings of the word â€Å"sibling† and sibling roles into industrial and non-industrial societies (Cicirelli, 1994). In industrial societies, such as the U.S., declaration of a sibling can be seen as discretionary, with the greater society only considering true siblings as those who are biologically or legally declared (Cicirelli, 1994). 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Pressure Sores Hospitalized Patient

Question: Discuss about the Pressure Sores for Hospitalized Patient. Answer: Introduction: The effect of pressure ulcers on the personal satisfaction of the patient can't be overemphasized, as it can devastate a patient. Pressure ulcers that are synonymous to pressure sores, pressure injuries, pressure damages bed sores are common among patients who have been hospitalized for long periods. They result when a part of the skin becomes damaged over an extended period because the blood supply to that are is insufficient or cut off. The condition develops mainly because patients sit or lie in a similar position for far too long (Mahalingam et al., 2014). According to Gage (2015), pressure ulcers are also as localized forms of abrasion on the skin or in the tissue that is underlying. In many cases, this usually happens over a bony prominence like the elbow. Because of the pressure or the pressure plus the deformation of the site which is attributed to friction from linen. Depending on the extent of the injury, the ulcer is classified as partial thickness loss of skin that involves the epidermis or the dermis. The partial thickness is mainly superficial, and it occurs clinically as a scrape, a swollen crater or a sore. A pressure ulcer can in other times found in the form of an unusual redness or erythematous spot due to dilating blood vessels within the skin (Gage, 2015). Mahalingam et al., (2014) believes that the reddened part stay as it is for longer than 30 minutes after pressure is reduced. In perspective of the way that Pressure ulcer has been noted to lessen the personal satisfaction of the sufferers, this point is critical and pertinent to a substantial degree for Nurses and different parental figures required with the treatment and services of PUs in people having learning inability (Mahalingam et al., 2014). Among the many purposes behind concentrate, this specific theme is as per the following: Pressure ulcers are a noteworthy reason for disease, mortality and health services burden internationally and that a hefty portion of the cases is avoidable. Taking a look at PUs from the viewpoints of treatment and services, it has been watched that both treatment and services are capital intensive. However, it is additionally preventable. It is critical to gather more efforts at minimizing the event of PUs, instead of squandering assets on treatment, which may be counterproductive, particularly in diabetic patients (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (Mahalingam et al., 2014). The patients tend to have a recurrence of the condition, and it can prove costly in the long run. Pressure ulcers pose serious outcomes on the prosperity of the patient, in any case, its treatment, counteractive action, and services are a unique need inside the clinical and arrangement plan. It is critical that patients receive teaching on the effect of PUs on well-being and personal satisfaction, in the meantime; it is their entitlement to settle on the educated choice about their care and treatment in conjunction with the therapeutic services supplier. Besides, information produced could be utilized to evaluate the aggregate number cases with PUs inside a particular populace (i.e. commonness) and the rate at which new Pressure Ulcers are happening. It is feasible for patients to have a blend of a deficit in sensory organs, memory issues, and Arnold-Chiari distortion. The superior combination of wellbeing conditions tended to build the danger of creating pressure ulcers (Gage, 2015). Current Nursing Management Practices of Pressure Ulcers An inability to accurately survey and treat wounds will prompt to an inability to mend. It is essential that a skilled expert embraces the evaluation procedure and arrangements the care. Fruitful injury services ought to incorporate assessment, arranging, services, reassessment, affirmation, exchange, reporting, and review. According to EPUAP all patients with wounds ought to be reassessed and recorded at any rate week after week and the treatment strategies and any adjustments to be discussed with the patient (Cushing Phillips, 2013). The past routine of pressure ulcer services was gotten back to round process which included medical caretakers washing and kneading the pressure zones of bedfast patients and applying a scope of moisturizers, creams, powder, oils, and spirits trying to avoid breakdown of the skin. If a pressure ulcer was to happen then, medicines shifted. They included: laying the patient on their side to diminish pressure and controlling oxygen, by putting a breathing device over the ulcer to keep up a dry situation. Setting a dressing of egg white over the influenced zone, with the possibility that it would recuperate the ulcer because of the protein substance of the egg (Gage, 2015). The treatment needs of a pressure ulcer change after some time, regarding both recuperating and weakening. Treatment procedures ought to be persistently re-assessed in light of the present status of the ulcer. All patients with wounds should have an all-encompassing evaluation, including environment, cause, area, site, measurements, exudates sum and sort, healthful status, neighborhood indications of contamination, torment, wound appearance, encompassing skin. Undermining/following, scent, appraisal of the skin as a tactile organ and the patient's learning and comprehension of their injury and general condition. The damage examination ought to be recorded on a suitable injury evaluation instrument, within 24 hours of admission to a healing center setting and inside one week of referral to necessary care. Cleaning and Wound Dressing Similarly, exceptional attention and research to be done before choosing the purging physicians to be utilized and the methods of the wound dressing to be made and this contrasts in various cases. Wounds ought to just be scrubbed when they are messy, with either warm ordinary saline or faucet water, and not once a day. On account of pressure ulcer the injury might be purified if there are any obvious indications of trash or if the ulcer is tainted with natural liquids. EPUAP suggests that sterilizers and anti-toxins ought not to be frequently utilized; in any case, they might be considered when bacterial burdens should be controlled or until the irritation is lessened (Cushing Phillips, 2013). Positioning and Repositioning Repositioning is an important segment and is pushed to be the best technique in the services of a pressure ulcer persistent (Qaseem, Humphrey, Forciea, Starkey, Denberg, 2015). There are various medications required for the services of a pressure ulcer understanding like wholesome care, pressure lessening/mitigating surfaces and skin and wound care. Situating of patients who invest free times of energy in a seat or wheelchair ought to consider, conveyance of pressure, postural arrangement, and support of feet (Cooper, 2013). Pressure-redistributing beddings or other pressure redistributing measures in the mix with body repositioning are the principle preventive measures for general and sick patients. Routinely turning immobilized fundamentally sick patients at regular intervals is the acknowledged standard of practice, yet it is not viable every one of the circumstances and most basically sick patients are not repositioned by standard (Qaseem, Humphrey, Forciea, Starkey, Denberg, 2015). On account of patients with pressure ulcers, rather than the usual healing center froth sleeping pad, higher-detail froth beddings ought to be favored. This will lead to improvements in health outcomes. No predominant gadget than a higher detail from sleeping pad for Pressure ulcer patients. Pressure ulcers are an outstanding issue for hospitalized patients. It can be devastating especially for families how have patients that are often resting. Successful services of patients at danger of or with pressure ulcers are the way to accomplishing great clinical results. While pressure redistributing surfaces can help in the services of patients at risk of pressure ulceration, there is minimal accessible clinical confirmation on which is suitable. The nearness of an injury may bring about mental trouble to a few patients and thus viable correspondence with the patient is imperative (Qaseem, Humphrey, Forciea, Starkey, Denberg, 2015). Conclusion Since pressure ulcers happen in patients who are stationary in the lion's share instances of incapacitated patients, an event of the same is thought to be a nursing issue. Medical caretakers are considered to be in charge of the evaluation and aversion of pressure ulcers and the part of Doctors come just auxiliary to the part of a nurse in this particular case. Every one of the audits and point by point examines on the pressure ulcer shows the need for an interdisciplinary approach for the services of a pressure ulcer taking an interest all level of professionals like physicians, nurses, advisors, dieticians, doorkeepers and so on. It is the most important commitment of a nurse to lead progressing, rehashed appraisal of hazard variables of pressure ulcers since early recognition and treatment are imperative for the treatment system (Cooper, 2013). References Cooper, K. (2013). Evidence-Based Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in the Intensive Care Unit.Critical Care Nurse,33(6), 57-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2013985 Cushing, C. Phillips, L. (2013). Evidence-Based Medicine.Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery,132(6), 1720-1732. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e3182a808ba Gage, W. (2015). Preventing pressure ulcers in patients in intensive care.Nursing Standard,29(26), 53-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.26.53.e9657 Mahalingam, S., Gao, L., Nageshwaran, S., Vickers, C., Bottomley, T., Grewal, P. (2014). Improving pressure ulcer risk assessment and management using the Waterlow scale at a London teaching hospital.Journal Of Wound Care,23(12), 613-622. https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2014.23.12.613 Qaseem, A., Humphrey, L., Forciea, M., Starkey, M., Denberg, T. (2015). Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians.Annals Of Internal Medicine,162(5), 370. https://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m14-1568